{"id":20689,"date":"2025-03-28T08:42:28","date_gmt":"2025-03-28T07:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/centraleuropeanacademy.hu\/?post_type=hir&#038;p=20689"},"modified":"2025-07-23T09:58:49","modified_gmt":"2025-07-23T07:58:49","slug":"dr-mateusz-tchorzewski-digital-exclusion-of-older-people","status":"publish","type":"hir","link":"https:\/\/centraleuropeanacademy.hu\/en\/hir\/dr-mateusz-tchorzewski-digital-exclusion-of-older-people\/","title":{"rendered":"Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski: \u201cDigital Exclusion of Older People\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>28 March 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Event\u2019s reach:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The event involved speeches by three scholars (two from Poland, one from Ukraine) representing various backgrounds: Prof. Aleksandra Syryt, PhD Hab. (a specialist in constitutional law), Prof. Tetiana Drakokhrust, PhD (a specialist in EU Immigration Law and Asylum Law) and Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski, PhD, attorney-at-law, economist (a specialist in tax law).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Means of popularising the event:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Invitations to watch the recording of the event were sent to numerous students of the Faculty of Law and Administration at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw (967 people, including, in addition to students from Poland, Erasmus students from Spain and Kazakhstan) and of the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw (470 people, including students from Poland, China, Kazakhstan, and Africa).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Content of the webinar:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The agenda and logos of the Central European Professors\u2019 Network and the Central European Academy were displayed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the introductory part of the Webinar, the organiser introduced himself and the speakers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The list of participating speakers was as follows:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aleksandra Syryt<\/strong>, PhD, with Habilitation, Associate Professor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw, Faculty of Law and Administration;\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tetiana Drakokhrust<\/strong>, PhD, Associate Professor at the West Ukrainian National University;\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski<\/strong>, PhD, economist, attorney-at-law, Assistant Professor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw, Faculty of Law and Administration (acting as moderator and speaker).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The organiser thanked the speakers for participating in the event. After the introduction, Aleksandra Syryt was given the floor.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prof. Syryt stated that as digital technology infiltrates nearly every aspect of daily life, from healthcare and banking to public administration and civic engagement, digital exclusion has become a significant social and legal challenge. Digital transformation presents opportunities but also exposes a significant divide, leaving older adults particularly vulnerable. She analysed the legal aspects of digital exclusion among seniors, using the Polish Constitution of 1997 as a norm that can and should be interpreted to eliminate this contemporary inequality. Digital exclusion is a broad concept encompassing a lack of access to and the ineffective use of digital technologies, including the internet, mobile devices, and digital services. This exclusion is not simply a question of not having internet access\u2014it is usually a combination of the following:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Low digital literacy,\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Financial barriers,\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Age-related deficits (e.g., visual, auditory, cognitive),\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Insufficient accessibility in the design of digital platforms.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Prof. Syryt highlighted that older people, particularly those over the age of 60, are disproportionately impacted. Many are falling through the cracks in a rapidly digitising world, unable to engage with public services, manage their health, or even maintain social connections. Framed as a social or technical issue, digital exclusion is, at its core, a legal and constitutional problem. A lack of access to digital services constitutes a denial of fundamental rights, particularly when public services and information necessary to exercise such rights are only available digitally. It makes a mockery of the idea that all are equal before the law and threatens to put older citizens in a virtual second-class status, alongside your average \u2018hipster tweener\u2019, being marginalised in the digital public square. The Polish Constitution of 1997 contains several provisions that directly or indirectly address the issue of digital exclusion,\u2002thus forming a solid foundation for this process. Article 32 on equality before the law states: \u201cAll persons are equal before the law. Everyone is entitled to equal treatment by public authorities\u201d. If the digital world is the only access point to public services, and older people lack the ability to use it, that constitutes unequal treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Digital exclusion is thus a type of age-based inequality, and it stands in conflict with the tenets of the Constitution. Article 67 on the human right to social security: \u201cEvery citizen shall have the right to social security in the event of incapacity to work due to sickness, disability, or old age\u201d. Accessing old-age pensions and social benefits today often requires digital engagement. This constitutional right is violated when older people are denied access to online services to the extent that they cannot access entitlements, such as housing benefits and means-tested additional pensions, owed to them. Article 68 on the right to health protection states: \u201cIt is the right of every living being to have their health protected\u201d. As e-health solutions \u2014 including telemedicine, electronic prescriptions, and digital health records \u2014 proliferate, being \u2018digitally disconnected\u2019 often translates to being medically underserved. For older individuals, this can have severe health and well-being consequences. \u201cDisabled persons shall be provided with assistance by public authorities to ensure their subsistence, adaptation to work, and social communication\u201d. This article is written mostly with physical and mental disabilities in mind; however, the scope should also include the functional limitations around age, such as vision and memory loss, etc. Thus, the Constitution requires the state to promote social communication. In today\u2019s world, that means digital communication. Article 70 on the right to education states: \u201cEveryone shall have the right to education\u201d. In the digital age, education is not only for children \u2014 it must be incorporated into lifelong learning, especially when it comes to digital skills.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After all, a right to education without digital literacy is an archaic right. The state must ensure that older adults have access to learning meaningful ways to utilise new technology. Although these constitutional guarantees are strong, older people are frequently still excluded digitally in practice. Public services are not always designed inclusively. Seniors often find digital literacy programs underfunded or inaccessible. There are few regulations requiring private businesses to create age-friendly interfaces. This gap between constitutional ideals and everyday life can be understood as a systemic neglect of the ideals of dignity, equality and participation that the Polish Constitution promises. The Polish government has a duty under the Constitution to:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provide equitable access to publicly available digital services.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Develop non-digital alternatives to important services.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Support digital education and training programs for older adults.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regulate for accessibility and inclusion in digital platforms (including private actors).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>She highlighted that these are not optional policies, but constitutionally mandated duties. To bring practice in line with constitutional principles, various legal and policy measures must be adopted:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider constitutional rights as encompassing digital access and digital literacy.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Legislate to make universal design mandatory for all public digital platforms.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Implement mandatory accessibility standards for service providers in both the public and private sectors.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Expand digital education programmes for older citizens and fund them.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enable the Ombudsman (<em>Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich<\/em>)\u2002to act on matters of digital exclusion.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Annually report on digital inclusion indicators for older populations.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Prof. Syryt stressed that this goes beyond access to Wi-Fi or apps \u2014 it is about democracy,\u2002equality and dignity. When older people are\u2002digitally excluded, they become disconnected from basic services\u2002(e.g., health care, pensions), civic life\u2002(voting, public consultations, etc.) and emotional\u2002attachment (such as contact with family members and communities). The\u2002legal instruments necessary to tackle digital exclusion of older adults are already embedded within the framework of the Polish Constitution of 1997. What is now needed is consistent implementation, legal interpretation, and political will. Digital rights are a fundamental aspect of human rights in the 21st century. And no citizen, regardless of age, should be left behind.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The floor was then given to Dr. Drakokhrust. Dr. Drakokhrust highlighted the digital challenges faced by elderly migrants in terms of accessing essential services. Digitalisation not only complicates their adaptation in their countries but also their ability to exercise fundamental rights.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concrete challenges include:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lack of digital skills,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Language barriers,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limited access to devices and the internet,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Issues with online security.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Drakokhrust then moved on to legal barriers to digital services. She pointed out the lack of recognised digital documents (eIDAS Regulation), limited access to banking (AMLD4 &amp; AMLD5) and barriers to healthcare (Directive 2011\/24). She identified certain recommendations that were presented in terms of overcoming the digital exclusion of elderly migrants and refugees. These recommendations included:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alternative identification methods (UNHCR Digital Identity Network),\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Digital literacy programs (EDCS Initiative),\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Multilingual digital services,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Unified digital documents for refugees (The Global Compact on Refugees).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Drakokhrust highlighted the importance of multilingual digital services as being necessary. She also pointed out the need for digital documents to be available to refugees. She commented that certain EU states are not well digitalised. She referenced the positive example of Ukraine in that regard, where the Baltic States\u2019 experiences were adopted. Examples of the possibilities of being married, divorced and obtaining a duplicate of a birth certificate online were brought up. She concluded by highlighting the necessity of providing digital tools to migrants and refugees to safeguard their rights.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The organiser thanked Dr. Drakokhrust for her presentation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski then took the floor to give his speech, entitled \u201cOlder People\u2019s Access to Employment and the Digitalisation of the Economy \u2013 A Fiscal Perspective\u201d. He began by outlining the global demographic trends and highlighting that most of the world\u2019s countries experience fertility rates below the replacement level, which means that they are either already ageing or will begin to age in the future. Therefore, the issue of ageing is becoming increasingly global in nature.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr Tch\u00f3rzewski moved on to discuss certain fiscal consequences of ageing. He pointed out the following issues:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strains on the pension systems,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strains on the healthcare systems,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Slower economic growth,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lower innovation,\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Likely increase in public debt.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The above translates, in particular, into pressures to raise the retirement age. Dr Tch\u00f3rzewski stressed that this is already visible in terms of average normal retirement age across the OECD. It was stressed that the trend of raising the retirement age is connected with particular challenges in the context of the digitalisation of the economy. Older persons typically have lower levels of digital skills. This creates significant difficulties in numerous professions.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Tch\u00f3rzewski then moved on to identify some of the potential policy responses. These include providing tailored tax privileges for older persons to support them in remaining economically active. Such policies are justifiable on an axiological basis, but also from a practical point of view, as costs stemming from the loss of revenue caused by tax privileges may be offset by lower public spending on pensions. He then discussed an example of the Polish \u201ctax relief for seniors\u201d. It involves an exemption applied to specific revenues received by taxable persons above the age of 60 (women) and 65 (men). This exemption applies to the amount not exceeding PLN 85,528 (approximately EUR 20,028) and is conditional on not receiving a retirement or family pension. Dr. Tch\u00f3rzewski then discussed certain aspects of immovable property tax, which should be considered from the point of view of supporting older persons in remaining employed. With that, Dr. Tch\u00f3rzewski ended his speech.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Speakers were then thanked for their participation. The Webinar was thus concluded.&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>28 March 2025 Event\u2019s reach:&nbsp; The event involved speeches by three scholars (two from Poland, one from Ukraine) representing various [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":20696,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"hir-kategoriak":[207],"class_list":["post-20689","hir","type-hir","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","hir-kategoriak-esemeny-beszamolo"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski: \u201cDigital Exclusion of Older People\u201d | ME KEA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/centraleuropeanacademy.hu\/en\/hir\/dr-mateusz-tchorzewski-digital-exclusion-of-older-people\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mateusz Tch\u00f3rzewski: \u201cDigital Exclusion of Older People\u201d\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A h\u00edr mindig fontos, mert a t\u00e1j\u00e9kozotts\u00e1g az els\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9s a b\u00f6lcsess\u00e9g \u00e9s a felel\u0151s d\u00f6nt\u00e9shozatal fel\u00e9. 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